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- <text id=93CT1670>
- <title>
- Djibouti--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Djibouti
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The Republic of Djibouti, which gained its independence on
- June 27, 1977, is the successor to the French Territory of the
- Afars and Issas, which was created as a result of French
- interest in the Horn of Africa and dates back to the first half
- of the 19th century.
- </p>
- <p> Rochet d'Hericourt's exploration into Shoa (1839-42) marked
- the beginning of French interest in the African shores of the
- Red Sea. Further observations by Henri Lambert, French Consular
- Agent at Aden, and Captain Fleuriot de Langle led to a treaty
- of friendship and assistance between France and the sultans of
- Raheita, Tadjourah, and Gobaad, from whom the French purchased
- the anchorage of Obock.
- </p>
- <p> Growing French interest in the area took place against a
- backdrop of British activity in Egypt and the opening of the
- Suez Canal in 1869. In l884-85, France expanded its protectorate
- to include the shores of the Gulf of Tadjourah and the
- hinterland, designating the area French Somaliland. Boundaries
- of the protectorate, marked out in 1897 by France and Emperor
- Menelik II of Ethiopia, were affirmed further by agreements with
- Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1945 and 1954.
- </p>
- <p> The administrative capital was moved from Obock to Djibouti
- in l896. Djibouti, which has a good natural harbor and ready
- access to the Ethiopian highlands, attracted trade caravans
- crossing East Africa as well as Somali settlers from the south.
- The Franco-Ethiopian railway, linking Djibouti the heart of
- Ethiopia, was begun in 1897 and reached Addis Ababa in 1917,
- further facilitating the increase of trade.
- </p>
- <p> During the Italian invasion and occupation of Ethiopia in
- the 1930s and during World War II, constant border skirmishes
- occurred between French and Italian forces. From the fall of
- France until 1942, the area was ruled by the Vichy (French)
- government. In December 1942, French Somaliland forces broke a
- Vichy blockade to join the Free French and the Allied forces.
- A local battalion from Djibouti participated in the liberation
- of France.
- </p>
- <p> On July 22, 1957, the colony was reorganized to give the
- people a considerable degree of self-government. On the same
- day, a decree, applying the Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre) of
- June 23, 1956, established a Territorial Assembly that elected
- eight of its members to an Executive Council. Members of the
- Executive Council were responsible for one or more of the
- territorial services and carried the title of minister. The
- council advised the French-appointed governor general.
- </p>
- <p> In a September 1958 constitutional referendum. French
- Somaliland opted to join the French community as an overseas
- territory. As a result, it was entitled to representation by one
- deputy and one senator in the French Parliament and one
- counselor in the French Union Assembly. Upon the demise of the
- assembly, the territory was assigned a seat on the Economic and
- Social Council.
- </p>
- <p> On November 23, 1958 the first elections to the Territorial
- Assembly were held under a system of proportional
- representation. In the next assembly elections in 1963, a new
- electoral law, enacted by the French National Assembly,
- abolished proportional representation in favor of a system of
- a straight plurality vote based on political lists submitted in
- seven designated districts by political parties. Ali Aref
- Bourhan, an Afar, was selected to be president of the executive
- council.
- </p>
- <p> French President Charles de Gaulle's August 1966 visit to
- Djibouti was marked by 2 days of public demonstrations by
- Somalis demanding independence. On September 21, 1966, Louis
- Saget, appointed governor general of the territory after the
- demonstrations, announced that the French Government had
- decided to hold a referendum to determine whether the people
- wished to remain within the French Republic or become
- independent. In a March 1967 referendum, 60% chose to continue
- the territory's association with France.
- </p>
- <p> A July 1967 directive from Paris formally changed the name
- of the territory from French Somaliland to the French Territory
- of Afars and Issas. The directive also reorganized the
- governmental structure of the territory, making the senior
- French representative formerly the governor general, a high
- commissioner. The Executive Council also was redesignated as the
- Council of Government, with nine members.
- </p>
- <p> In 1975, the French Government began to accommodate
- increasingly insistent demands for independence. In June 1976
- the territory's citizenship law which had favored the Afar
- minority, was revised to reflect more closely the weight of the
- Issa Somali. In a May 1977 referendum, the electorate voted for
- independence, and the Republic of Djibouti was inaugurated on
- June 27, 1977.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> In January 1981, the National Assembly passed nine articles
- of a constitution and elected Hassan Gouled as the first
- president under the new constitution. Preindependence laws and
- decrees remain in effect, except where specifically amended.
- </p>
- <p> On April 24, 1987, President Gouled was re-elected,
- unopposed, to a second and final 6-year mandate with 89.88% of
- the vote. On the same day, the unopposed 65-member National
- Assembly list was elected with 87.42%.
- </p>
- <p> Since l98l, one political party has existed, the
- Rassemblement Populaire Pour le Progres (RPP); other parties
- were outlawed that year following political disorders. Political
- power is shared by a Somali president and an Afar prime minister
- with cabinet posts roughly divided. However, political
- competition between the minority Afars and the majority Somali
- Issas, who dominate the government, civil service, armed forces,
- and the single party, has led to two cabinet crises and changes
- of prime minister since independence.
- </p>
- <p> Women in Djibouti enjoy a higher public status than in some
- other Islamic countries, but women's rights and family planning
- are not high priorities. No women are in senior government or
- party positions, but a fledgling women's organization is active.
- </p>
- <p> In Djibouti, the right to own property is respected, as is
- freedom of religion and organization of labor. The government
- has established a national union under its control.
- </p>
- <p> Djibouti has its own armed forces, including a small army;
- however the country's security also is assured by the continued
- presence of some 4,000 French troops, which includes a unit of
- the French Foreign Legion.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-